Toxic Chemical Leachate From Cigarette Butts Incurs US $26 billion In Annual Cleanup Costs

cigarette butts toxic chemicals nicotine heavy metals microplastics aquatic toxicity fish mortality environmental pollution cleanup cost US $26 billion marine ecosystem damage hazardous waste Lisbon Portugal cigarette filter grass park pollution toxic chemicals nicotine arsenic heavy metals aquatic organisms soil danger society economic burden citizens environmental impact waste toxins public health discarded waste chemical contamination pollution prevention environmental awareness urban parks littering sustainability ecosystem public spaces waste management pollution control environmental protection chemical pollutants.